The Position Of President For Phoenix College - 889 Words

The position of President for Phoenix College is an outstanding opportunity. This position would allow me to share my 20 years of higher education experience successfully leading and working collaboratively with the community, administration, faculty and staff to accomplish the institution’s mission. The Phoenix College is in the process of identifying a President that can build on its accomplishments and to move the institution forward. I believe that my academic and professional background would make me a promising candidate for this position. I would like to share a few of my experiences successfully leading organizational strategic planning processes. My leadership of those strategic planning processes supported the movement of the organization in the direction that was appropriate for a changing economic environment. My ability to think strategically and develop collaborative relationships contributed greatly to my ability to successfully implement new organizational initiatives as well. For over 20 years, I have accepted higher education administrative opportunities that would allow me to advance to the position of President. My post-secondary experiences began as a community college student. My experience as a community college student led me to begin teaching for higher education institutions with two and four year degree programs. I taught traditional face-to-face classroom courses, hybrid and distance online education courses for over 10 years. MyShow MoreRelatedDonald Trump Is A Multi Billionaire Business Man Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pagesbusiness man, had received money from his father at a younger age to start his own company. Even though he attended many prestigious institutions, his degree would not matter when it came to his wealth and fortune. 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Leadership And Change Management In Businesses Commerce Essay Free Essays

string(137) " that make their operations more profitable, and the could vouch their endurance and being as UK taking mail administering organisation\." Change is portion of every organisation. Every decennary informants autumn of a great organisation. The ground behind that is they were non ready to take portion in the alteration that was go oning around them ( D. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership And Change Management In Businesses Commerce Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ambani laminitis, Chairman Reliance Group Ltd ) . Every organisation with different grounds has to take portion in alteration. The ground may differ from increasing market portion, traveling with the competition, altering with the society or can besides be in order to last in the market. Change is something that is a critical, compulsory and requires all direction maps, which are Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Co-ordinating, Reporting, and Budgeting ( by Henry Fayol 1937 ) . 1.2: – Why do we necessitate alter direction? It is really of import to reply the inquiry why do we necessitate alter direction? Change direction has attributes rather similar to Organizational Development. Than why is at that place a demand to develop a new profession? Answer is rather realistic as alteration direction is broader than OD in that it includes a broader scope of increasing human resource public presentation, development of information engineering Jelinek A ; Litterer, 1988 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //ac.aua.am/gohar_grigoryan/Public/Fuller/273.pdf ) . Over the old ages many change direction theories and theoretical accounts have developed out of which there are some popular and widely used theories, there are no peculiar front-runner theories for deploying alteration, and it would surely be agreed that the whole construct is comparatively immature and developing. The whole construct is once more really situational and requires single attack based on the organisation and the alteration it wishes to undergo. But, one of the most popular and widely used alteration direction theory it the McKinsey ‘s 7S theoretical account, which can non merely be used as a alteration direction theory, but besides in instance of analyzing an organisation and its activities. 2. ‘Royal Mail ‘ Introduction 2.1 In Brief Royal Mail letters bestowed with the duty of presenting and roll uping stations from within the United Kingdom is a subordinate of Royal Mail Ltd, which besides manages the POST OFFICE A ; PARCEL FORCE. Attained its separate individuality in the twelvemonth 1986 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_mail ) , Royal Mail employees the staff up to 121,000, which exceeds the figure of staff in full Royal Mail Group ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8304722.stm ) . The poster industry in United Kingdom was dominated by the Royal Mail, by every bit much as 99 per centum of the local stations being managed by Royal Mail, which since 2005 has been confronting of all time increasing competition. Technological promotion is another external issue the has reduced the possible market size as The Royal Mail posts 9 million less letters than what it used to in the twelvemonth 2005 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8304722.stm ) , as more and more concern organisations and persons depend upon E-mails and assorted IT based formats to pass on. 3: – The Issues of alteration The direction has been confronting rather serious functional and survival issues in past few old ages. The organisation is non executing good in the profitableness standards, as the figure mentioned below will turn out that the direction has serious functional issues to be sorted out to do the operation more effectual. Ever increasing shortage in its pension financess has made the direction to rethink its bing policies and increase its net income to make full the shortage, and in order to run into the market demand and compete with the challengers on similar evidences the direction has to bring on its operation with modern engineering and do their operations more effectual. 3.1: – Decreasing Net incomes Royal Mail faced serious functional issues, which made its operation suffer losingss up to ?279 million in the fiscal twelvemonth of 2007 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7417634.stm ) . It faced serious issues associating to its traditional methods of screening and delivering, which were critically evaluated to be the premier cause of its losingss. The direction decided to bring on their premier operations which involved sorting and presenting mails with engineering, in signifier of modernisation policy to do the operation and finally the operation of organisation more profitable. The losingss were so terrible that the proposal was passed in the hosiery of common to sell the major interest of Royal Mail to do privatize its operation ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8426538.stm ) . 3. 2: – Increasing Competent Competition After the liberalisation of UK postal services in the twelvemonth 2005, the competition that royal mail faced were of all time increasing. A really good illustration was confronted to the direction when they lost the contract of 8 million lbs to present the 2nd category mail of Amazon Book a really popular cyberspace shopping site ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6252202.stm ) . The direction found out that most of its rivals used high-tech machinery for screening and administering doing them more efficient and therefore deriving the trusts of the clients, and that they are falling behind as they have non been able to overhaul ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6768983.stm ) . Therefore, 2nd most of import issue necessitating the direction to do critical technological alterations called for a modernisation policy. 3.3: – Decrease in Market Research conducted by the BBC shows that Royal Mail delivers around 75 million stations everyday. It counts to 90 per centum of the UK ‘s market. The figure might look excessive, but is cut downing at an dismaying rate of 10 per centum every twelvemonth. Plus a crisp addition in figure of cyberspace users have reduced the market of Royal Mail, around 70 per centum of places in UK usage Internet and around 87percent of them send electronic mails ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8304722.stm ) . This decrease in the market shows that the direction needs to be really efficient in their operations. 3. 4: – Pension Fund Deficit An estimation from the similar research mentioned above shows that royal mail besides faces serious issues in pension fund shortages, which has amounted around ?8 billion ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8304722.stm ) , These issues forced the direction to travel things otherwise, and to come up with a policy that make their operations more profitable, and the could vouch their endurance and being as UK taking mail administering organisation. You read "Leadership And Change Management In Businesses Commerce Essay" in category "Essay examples" 4: – The Modernization Policy of Royal Mail It is really clear, that a stringent policy was required to undertake all the issue ( mentioned supra ) that direction faced and to prolong in long tally, the direction did the exact thing by bordering a modernisation policy, which could be called as a type of procedure alteration by Pull offing alteration and passage Harvard Business Essential. The policy required the direction to bring on extra finance of around 1.2 billion in modern machine. Modern machinery meant that estimated 40,000 employees will free their occupations ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8304722.stm ) , and the policy besides focused on altering the agenda of the employee, to do their labour hr direction more effectual. The purpose of modernisation policy was to undertake and startle Royal mail working against all the above mentioned issues. The inducement of excess finance for machinery would intend that the operation of mail would be more effectual, speedier and able to vie with the increasing and competent competition. The decrease in staff would ensue into cost effectual operations and therefore increasing its net income and ensuing into lessening in its pension fund shortages. 5: – Resistance to the ‘Modernization Policy ‘ The framing of policy was such that would make obvious opposition from the staff/union. The policy execution estimated around 40,000 occupation cuts, which increased to around 63,000 in the twelvemonth 2010 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8339201.stm ) and could farther increase harmonizing to the CWU ( Communication Workers Union, which represented the Staff of Royal Mail ) . The Union agreed with direction on the staff decrease for endurance, but disagreed on the gait of occupation cuts and the wage rise issues. It would be undue towards the direction if I said that they failed to follow the alteration direction theory, of McKinsey ‘s seven ‘S ‘ . The information shows that they prepared and coordinated all the seven ‘S ‘ within their organisation, including the staff for the alteration they wanted to implement by subscribing a contract in 2007 with the CWU saying their consent to implement the modernisation policy ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7038899.stm ) . 5. 1: – ‘Royal Mail Industrial Dispute ‘ A confrontation and consent with CWU gave a spell to the alteration policy to be implemented, and the execution began in the twelvemonth 2008 all around UK, but when the same reached London, as per the fright of CWU the occupation loss had already reached the outlook as mentioned above and it could no longer digest ignorance of staff over implementing the policy. Demanding a clearer image and direct engagement in the execution of the 2nd stage of the alteration policy the brotherhood showed agitation in the twelvemonth 2009, and presented direction with below mentioned demands and a committedness from direction to be able to successfully implement their demands. Management were neither capable nor wishing to carry through their demand, i.e. Pay rise that would do their wage equal to the national norm ( which would be about 27 % ) . Addition in pensions support and installations ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6252202.stm ) . The demand made by the CWU workers were non merely hideous, but merely non viably for the organisation to follow, ensuing in a series of national degree work stoppage by the CWU interrupting non merely the normal operation of the Royal Mail, but impeding the execution of its policy and badly impacting little concern in the UK ( who still rely on poster and having checks, etc, hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8277206.stm ) . The work stoppages started from August 2009 ensuing into series of work stoppage boulder clay November 2009, and came on a clasp on history of Christmas ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8345643.stm ) . The impact of work stoppage can non be represented in figure, but the blow was to the public presentation of the companies as the little concern shifted to other courier suppliers to take attention of their mail. 6: – Harmonization between Management and the Union. On 8th March 2010, a study from the BBC conformed that direction of Royal Mail has successfully been able to carry the Union to assist implement the modernisation policy. Demands of Union were cohesively fitting underpinning the benefits of both the stakeholders. Management agreed to give a wage rise of 6.9 % over three old ages and an extra monitory fillip of ?1,400 to all full clip employees. In bends, the Union agreed to utilize the modern engineering in their sorting offices, and cut down their hours from 40 to 39 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8556487.stm ) . 6. 1: – Too small excessively late The agitation and opposition with the brotherhood was dealt with but, the lone inquiry to be asked here was the trade clip effectual for the direction and the organisation? The national degree work stoppage started in center of 2009 and the common understanding between the direction and the staff was reached following twelvemonth in the month of March 2010. The inability of the direction to come on common evidences with the brotherhood at the very clip of execution can non be overseen. Every alteration has its ain opposition, that is were demand of alteration direction arises, direction has to calculate and happen out ways to undertake all the factors positive or negative to expeditiously implement alteration. 6. 2: – Failure to Manage McKinsey ‘s 7S My position on the Change / Modernization policy adopted by the direction of Royal Mail would be a failure. It certainly adopted with McKinsey ‘s 7S but surely failed to follow/ the theory. They wholly failed to convey the Staff together with all other S. Although the cost of it might be hard for me to turn out but, it is proved from a study by BBC that it hired 30,000 staff from bureau to run into with merely its regular demand in state of affairs of national degree work stoppages ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8339201.stm ) . This should hold increased the cost of Royal mails daily working, and the losingss it might hold incurred non being able to utilize the machinery it had invested ?1.2 billion in. This pandemonium in execution of alteration policy has made me understand that Timely execution of the alteration policy plays a critical function in its success. Royal Mail surely failed in implementing the alteration policy in a timely and efficient mode. 7: – Personal Deduction Every alteration policy has a station mortem study, I would measure the alteration policies execution of Royal Mail as a Failure and a most of import lesson to be taken away by improper execution of this policy is how of import the engagement of staff becomes in effectual execution of the alteration policy, and how an full organisation ‘s growing can be curtailed to failure merely by non being able to clearly facing and affecting one factor into its policy. 7.1: – Decision Effective leading is really of import for an organisation as it provides the vision for the organisation and all its stakeholders. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/corpstrtgy/changemmt/chngmgmt.htm? IsSrchRes=1 ) In instance of Royal Mail the direction clearly failed on below mentioned personally analyzed points It failed to be effectual leaders as they failed to supply the vision to the Union and hence the staff about the effects of the alteration and how many of them will be straight every bit good as indirectly affected by the existent execution of alteration. â€Å" When of all time human communities are forced to set to switching conditions hurting is of all time present † , John P. Kotter Leading Change, 1996, Pg 4, the direction in this instance clearly failed to tag these points and continued to come on alteration until it was met with rough opposition. Failures in pass oning for bargain in by John P. Kotter A ; Deloitte Consultancy LLC 2002. The direction failed to pass on from bosom about the waies of alteration before get downing the enterprise of alteration. A failure can be associated with all the negatives and the ‘do n’t ‘ but in my position these grounds could in brief amount up the alteration procedure / modernisation policy adopted by Royal Mail. How to cite Leadership And Change Management In Businesses Commerce Essay, Essay examples

Advances in Medical Technology free essay sample

Recently, new ground has been broken throughout the field, involving medical techniques, surgical procedures, and electronic devices. Such advancements have streamlined the practice and science of medicine in the 21st century. One form of advancement in Technology that has simplified the record keeping process for Physicians and Nurses alike is the computerized clipboard. According to Steve Kelly of Phillips Medical Systems, â€Å"The portable, always connected device is designed to require minimal training and provides significant benefits to the clinical users, helping to reduce medication errors, positively identify staff and patients, fill out charts, capture vital signs, write up reports and validate blood transfusions as well as the ability to closely monitor the healing of wounds (Terry). Terry’s words sum up the benefits of such a device quite nicely. Another concept at the forefront of Medical Technology is that of Bionics. Bionics involves the engineering of â€Å"Synthetic†, or artificial limbs to replace those lost due to accidents or amputation. We will write a custom essay sample on Advances in Medical Technology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bionics, as a whole, is not an entirely new concept. The crafting of synthetic limbs has been practiced for some time, but modern Technological advances have cleared a path for much more realistic, functional, and â€Å"smarter† limbs. The I-Limb Hand, made by Touch Bionics, is probably the most recent example of how realistic these limbs have become in their appearance. As stated by Paul Bright of Touch Bionics, â€Å"Touch Bionics created the I-LIMB hand in hopes to add more functionality for people who wanted more than just a gripping tool†(Bright). In the photo to the left, courtesy of gizmag. com, one of the hands is an implant, and one is real. Thanks to advances in the science of Bionics, it is difficult to tell which one is artificial. Similarly, research into the field of Implantable Biochips has led to innovations in monitoring vital signs and personal information for soldiers on the battlefield. The Center for Bioelectronics, Biosensors, Biochips, Based at Clemson University, is among the leading manufacturers of these Biochips. In an article in Science Daily based on materials provided by Clemson University, it is stated that â€Å"The biochip, about the size of a grain of rice, could measure and relay such information as lactate and glucose levels in the event of a major hemorrhage, whether on the battlefield, at home or on the highway†. Furthermore, we’ve seen advances in Medical Technology concerning how surgeries are performed in the 21st Century. As computers become more and more integrated into medical procedures, we can start to envision surgical procedures that are done robotically. One of the latest innovations in Robotic Surgery is the Da Vinci Robot Surgery System, from Intuitive Surgical. An article in Newsweek written by Jennifer Barrett entitled â€Å"Cutting Edge†, states that â€Å"The robotic system has already transformed the field of prostate surgery, for which it was approved in May 2001. That year it was used in less than 1 percent of all prostatectomies. This year more than 20 percent will be done with the robot†(Barrett). Barrett’s remarks indicate that the utilization of such Technology is becoming more prevalent and will most likely be standard practice in the near future. Another innovation of Technology involving portable devices in the field of medicine is the product of research done at the NYU School of Medicine. The BrainScope, as it is called, is a handheld device capable of monitoring activity in the brain. The implications of such a device in both Sports and Warfare are quite amazing. When an Athlete or a Soldier is injured, such a device can be used to measure fluctuations in brain activity to indicate the severity of the damage. The brain activity is interpreted in only a few minutes, preventing costly and time consuming trips to a hospital for an MRI. These features allow for faster diagnoses of trauma to the brain, and contribute to faster, better informed decisions following an injury. As stated in an article in ScienceDaily, adapted from materials provided by the New York University Medical Center, â€Å"BrainScope consists of an adhesive strip, containing six electrodes, which are connected to a mini-computer that resembles an oversized iPod. After a suspected head injury, a first responder affixes the electrode strip to the patient’s forehead. The device automatically collects a sample of the patient’s EEG and computes a large number of QEEG features, each of which are compared to a databank of normal scores. Within minutes, BrainScope’s color display indicates whether any of the patient’s brain functions deviate from normal†. In conclusion, recent advancements in Technology have brought about vast changes in regards to the practice of Medicine.

Women and the Evolution of World Politics

Synopsis Thesis statement:Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Women and the Evolution of World Politics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In a status hierarchy, men are closely associated with such phenomena as aggression, intense competition, violence, and war1. Main points of the article In the animal kingdom, violence within a species is rare but when it occurs, it is often limited to infanticide by males who desire to mate with the mother and eradicate a rival’s offspring. In chimps, like in humans, males are the ones involved in coalition building and violence Whereas male chimps practice realpolitik, their female counterparts have relationships Male bonding is to a large extent, genetic, and tends to predate the human species The noble savage idea holds that patriarchy and violence are either rooted in capitalism or the Western-Judeo Christian tradition The systematic mass killings of women, men and children that took place in Neolithic times were largely due to violence perpetrated by men. The same could be said of Cambodia, Bosnia, and the Holocaust. All Western and postindustrial societies are moving towards a world run by women, which would essentially follow different rules from one run by men. 1. Francis, Fukuyama, â€Å"Women and the evolution of world politics†, Foreign Affairs 77, no. 5 (1998): 24-40 Although women have risen in terms of leadership positions, men are still expected to play a pivotal role in matters governance, especially in postindustrial countries Males and females experience profound differences and these are mainly genetic, more than culturally rooted. One of the clearest differences between the sexes (male and female) is with respect to aggression and violence. Because men are more prone to violence and aggression compared with women, in a truly matriarchal; world, we are likely to witness less conflict, more cooperation and concil iation that is the case today. Men harbor aggressive tendencies towards each other and it is very hard to eliminate this. Connections to Environment The article has addressed the issue of environment adequately. For example, the author reports of a study carried out by Frans de Waal, a primatologist, on a chimp colony at a zoo in Netherlands where a young male chimp formed a coalition with another younger and energetic male chimp to unseat the aging alpha male of the colony1. The article has also talked of how a group of chimps in a national park in Tanzania. In a study that was carried by Jane Goodwall, the aforementioned group of chimps broke into two factions- the southern faction, and the northern one. 1. Francis, Fukuyama, â€Å"Women and the evolution of world politics†, Foreign Affairs 77, no. 5 (1998): 24-40 The article reports how a group of chimps from the northern gang would pounce on unsuspecting members of the southern group and kill them in a grisly attack. Thi s happened until all the males and several females had been murdered. Other females joined the northern gang.Advertising Looking for critical writing on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Culture The article has also addressed the issue of culture at length. For example, it talks of the higher murder rates among the Kung San who inhabits the Kalahari Desert. It also talks of how the American men have always been more supportive of the country’s involvement in war, such as the Gulf War, and the war with Iraq, compared with their female counterparts2. Moreover, the author of this article talks of how as human beings, we have been socialized to think of a man as being superior to a woman, despite the fact that women can also accomplish similar fetes to those accomplished by men. Governance and security With regard to the issue of politics, the author talks of the desire by nearly all feminists to see enhanced female participation in political affairs. The article further observes that such female leaders as Margaret Thatcher proved to be more determined and tougher than her male opponents and as such, she managed to beat them at their own game3. Additionally, the article talks of the need for masculine policies to govern the people in the future so that they can deal with deal with male leaders who rule with an iron fist. 2. Charli, Carpenter, â€Å"Gender Theory in World Politics: Contributions of a Nonfeminist Standpoint?†, International Studies Review, 4, no. 3 (2002): 153-165 3. Bruce, Russett, Harvey, Starr, and David, Kinsella, World Politics: The Menu for Choice. (Stamford, Mass: Cengage Learning). The author has also observed that the interaction between demographic trends and the feminization of democratic politics will result in the emergence of elderly women as an important voting bloc in the future. Resources and development The article has also dwelt on the issue of r esources whereby there is a battle for domination in order to determine who takes control of scarce resources. For example, the article has given example of groups of chimps who have had to fight over a territory whereby the weaker of the two groups loses not just their territory, but also the resources contained therein4.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Women and the Evolution of World Politics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The same case goes for countries or communities that go to war in order to capture certain territories for the control of resources. Among savage communities, there are reports of young men fighting over a female. Critique and reflection Critique I am in agreement with the author’s thesis statement to the effect that in a status hierarchy, men are closely associated with such phenomena as violence, aggression, intense competition, and war. This is because women are rarel y portrayed as being aggressive, perhaps because society has conditioned us to accept that men are the ones who should be aggressive and violent, and not women. Most of the times, women, fall under the shadows of their male counterparts because we are living in a patriarchal society. 4. Ann, Tickner, â€Å" Why Women Can’t Run the World: International Politics According to Francis Fukuyama†, International Studies Review 1, no. 3, (1999): 3 – 11. On the other hand, this is not to say that women cannot be equally aggressive and intensely competitive as their male counterparts; the only expectation is that women can do so without portraying instances of violence. We have also had women leaders such as Margaret Thatcher who triumphed as a political leader in an area hitherto dominated by men. Conquering and dominating the weaker race appears to be the forte of men but it would be interesting to see whether this would change if women were to dominant global politics. Reflection The implication that one gets after reading the article is that we are lily to witness a shift in global power from a predominantly male dominated society to one where females have more say on issues of politics and governance. In the next few decades, there will be more elderly women among the population in European countries and for this reason these women will undoubtedly aspire to form a formidable political bloc. This is likely to affect their voting pattern and depending on the path that they choose to take, one thing that we can be user of is that there will be more women leaders occupying elective post, compared to the current number. Such women leaders will in effect try to champion their own policies with the aim of achieving gender parity. Bibliography Carpenter, Charli, â€Å"Gender Theory in World Politics: Contributions of a Nonfeminist Standpoint?†, International Studies Review, 4, no. 3 (2002): 153-165Advertising Looking for critical writing on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fukuyama, Francis, â€Å"Women and the evolution of world politics†, Foreign Affairs 77, no. 5 (1998): 24-40 Russett, Bruce, Starr, Harvey, and Kinsella, David. World Politics: The Menu for Choice. (Stamford, Mass: Cengage Learning). Tickner, Ann, â€Å" Why Women Can’t Run the World: International Politics According to Francis Fukuyama†, International Studies Review 1, no. 3, (1999): 3 – 11. This critical writing on Women and the Evolution of World Politics was written and submitted by user Yehuda V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Medieval Weapons essays

Medieval Weapons essays In the medieval times there were many kinds of weapons used in battle, competitions, and just for practice. Swords were the most common weapons in the medieval times. Some swords could penetrate armor and kill the person that they were striking. Some swords however could not pierce armor and were just used for sword fights. Swords contained two parts the blade and the handle. The blade was metal with at least one side sharpened and a pointed tip for thrusting. The handle was usually wooden covered with leather, although it could have been made of metal. Their were many kinds of swords but most seemed to have the same fundamentals. One of the most popular was the claymore, it was a heavy broad sword developed in Scotland though slow most warriors liked it because of its swinging power. Another kind of sword was the short sword it was probably the most common. Knights could easily carry it with a sheath attached to their armor it was much easier to swing compared to the claymore even though it did not have as much swinging power it could be swung faster to gain momentum. The other basic sword was the long sword it was a mix between the short sword and the claymore. The long sword was long like the claymore long range and swinging power. It was like the short sword it was not as heavy or broad as the claymore, allowing stronger knights could carry and swing it with one arm. There were also famous kinds of swords that many people may know about for example king Arthur wielded a sword by the name of the Excalibur. Vikings usually used axes. Vikings would raid peoples houses to steel any thing they could. They would kill anyone that got in their way. There were many types of axes in the medieval period. There was a battle-axe that was different from other axes because this one had removable shafts and heads. A regular axe was used to chop wood and not to fight with. Almost only Vikings could use axes but well trained knigh...

Campbell & Baileys Boston Office Essay Example for Free

Campbell & Bailey’s Boston Office Essay When Campbell and Bailyn’s Boston Office made the decision to restructure their organization and place a new emphasis on specialization, the business and employees faced multiple challenges during the process. Although communication problems were evidenced in the scenario, I was also concerned with the lack of buy-in by the employees within the organization. According to a recent writing in Bloomberg’s Business Week, employees are an important factor in determining how customers perceive the company’s brand. For this reason, companies should do more to nurture the company’s culture through internal branding efforts. In addition, when employers consider a company’s brand, they think in terms of marketing departments, advertising, and publications. In reality, a brand is made up of every experience that a customer has with an organization. (McKee, 2014). Management consultant Peter Drucker states â€Å"culture eats strategy for dinner† (McKee, 2014). When employees become stressed out at work, it impacts their performance and in turn the company’s productivity. In the Boston office, it was clear that Paul Callahan, the top grossing sales person, was stressed out. In a recent article, it is stated that depression and burnout afflict one-third of employees (Cooper, 2014). These afflictions can also negatively impact employee performance and morale. In the case of the Boston office, it would benefit the organization to speak with the employees and work towards obtaining their buy-in. Once the employees buy into the change, they can then pass that enthusiasm on to their customers to gain their buy-in as well. Cooper, C. (2014, May 15). Depression and burnout at work afflict one-third of employees. The Independent.

EDU 626 Discussion Board 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

EDU 626 Discussion Board 1 - Essay Example The definition of the objects association with each other and sequencing them in the right way enables the authors to create attractive and reliable graphic applications. Most of the web authorizing tools supports a language scripting for more complex applications (Webopedia, 2011). The E-learning authoring system consists of a suite software tools that perform various functions that support the production of modules. They hold content for processing, combine the content with templates for web design, create a flexible and consistent navigation system, and control technical functionality by rendering of the special tags. These design templates are produced using the HTML, XML and the customized markup tags (Aust and Meyen, 2005). The rendering tools normally interpret the custom markup tags and apply processes that enable installation of items that include the navigation elements, assessments of items and interactive glossary. Each exclusive tag represents a content marker that marries with the design templates so as to produce a completed module (Aust and Meyen, 2005). The learning management systems (LMS) are frequently viewed as the starting point (critical components) of e-learning (or a blended learning program) hence it handles the delivery of e-learning courses that are self paced. The learning management systems offer their supreme values to the organization.

M019 Regular Assignment - Understanding Retail Essay

M019 Regular Assignment - Understanding Retail - Essay Example E- Tailing companies such as Onsale, @home, Webvan and Boo.com have experience their fair share of failures and were eventually closed down (Caroll and Casey, 2004:2). This goes ahead to prove that not all e-tailing companies have been successful in business. High street retailers have been in existence for a long time and have substantial loyalty and a wide customer base in the global market (Shepherd, 2007:66). They have strong brand names that are easily recognised by the consumers and this makes it easy to sell their merchandise on their online stores. Renowned fashion lines, mobile companies, food joints have a well established online business that contributes to a considerable amount of their income. New entrants have a hard time competing with these high street companies. High street companies have a competitive advantage since they have more resources, state of the art technology and better customer loyalty. It can be noted with a lot of concern that e- tailing is a relativel y new concept in some parts of the world. However, they are slowly catching up with the spread of the internet across different parts of the world. ... In conclusion, although e-tailing has grown rapidly in some parts of the world including the UK, US and some parts of Asia, there are those that that are not aware of the concept. It entails a wide array of businesses ranging from auction sites, entertainment sites and consumer based sites. In addition to, e- tailing facilitates the electronic usage of goods and services between buyers and sellers and helps bridge the language barrier (Cuthbertson, 2012:57). Recent studies reveal that e- tailing has opened new opportunities for companies from various parts of the world. It has helped companies reach a high number of shoppers from all over the world and has been shopping to be a fast and hustle free experience. This has led to a considerable increase in revenues gained by high street companies. Retail Internalisation Nearly thirty years ago, every retailer in the global scene was a pure nationalized firm with an irrelevant share in the international market. Currently, retailer interna tionalisation is one of the most momentous trends that have accelerated immensely in the past two decades. It can be argued that retail internationalisation is much more than the opening of stores abroad as it includes a wide range of issues (Wrigley et al., 2005:440). A close look at the 200 top global retailers reveals that they operate numerous countries and have established a remarkable capacity in the global market (Hanf and Pall, 2009:2). In fact, many retail companies earn a considerable share of their revenue from foreign markets. There are various companies that have established their subsidiaries in the international market and failed miserably. This goes ahead that there is much more to retail internalisation than open stores in various parts of the world.

The Simple Gift Essay Example for Free

The Simple Gift Essay It’s about Billy, who leaves home aboard a freight train heading interstate. Billy finds himself in Bendarat, living in a disused train carriage, where he meets a homeless man called Old Bill. Old Bill drinks away his past while Billy tries to find a future. The other main character is Caitlin, a girl Billy meets in Bendarat. All three characters are searching for something to give their lives substance. Steve Herricks poetry novel tells the story of a homeless boys quest to find somewhere to belong. After he runs away from an abusive father, Billy lives in an abandoned railway carriage. There he meets another homeless man, Old Bill and starts to understand the nature of belonging. Caitlin, a lonely girl from a rich family, helps him along the way. http://www.stevenherrick.com.au/notes.htm Why did you write the simple gift? I wanted to explore the relationship between a young man and an old man. As adults, we seem to believe that the idea of being an influence works only one way we adults can influence young people for the better. In the book, I wanted to show it working the other way that is, young Billy really being the positive influence, in fact, the catalyst, for Old Bill rejoining the world. I know my two teenage sons are a wonderful positive influence on my own life. It seems to me that the world of young people is becoming increasingly marginalized by mainstream media. As adults, we need to accept, encourage, and indeed, embrace the world of young people. Let’s see the relationship as a priceless two-way street. What is the theme of the simple gift? At the time of writing this book, I was listening to a wonderful folk CD by Bruce Springsteen titled the ghost of Tom Joad. On this CD, there are a few songs about middle-aged men who are searching for something to give their life meaning. The word redemption kept rolling around my head when listening to the songs, and writing this book. That word certainly came into play in how I created the character of Old Bill. The other thing I kept thinking about while writing was the whole notion of gifts what is valuable in our life? How do we measure what is valuable? The notion of the spiritual versus  the material is something that informs a lot of my writing. Anything else you want to tell us about gift One reviewer called Billy an atypical hero, which I thought was interesting. That got me thinking about what is heroic, and how it relates to some of the characters in my other books. I reckon Billy from gift, within the story they do something of great value, that is a little thing give friendship and hope to an old hobo; these simple little things are what I think of as heroic. They are done by ordinary people, in a quiet unobtrusive way, and to commit these acts it requires compassion and love and respect. And they are far more heroic and necessary than any world-record sporting achievement. And they cannot be measured in dollars and cents. the wind and rain hits you in the face with the force of a fathers punch. That was a relatively easy image to think of because Billy was escaping the violence of his home life. Yeah, thats fine, but what about BELONGING!!!!  I think a closer understanding of the notion of each characters search for an identity and for a place in the community theyve constructed would be worthwhile. I also think its fair to say that a search for an identity can be related to the idea of wanting to belong to oneself. That is, the search for a conscience you can live with/inhabit. The use of interior monologues throughout gift can be seen as keeping your own community the conversation with yourself (which is the essence of an interior monologue) is an attempt to understand how you belong both in this world, but more importantly, to your sense of self. The Simple Gift, Stephen Herricks narrative poem demonstrates elements of belonging and acceptance through the pain and suffering of rejection, homelessness and dealing with death by the characters Billy, Caitlin and Old Bill. The protagonist Billy Luckett sixteen years of age ventures into the world; leaving home on his own decision. Billy reveals himself as a  reject, a thief; and a troubled character who rejected a restrictive regimented irrelevant education system. The cause of his alienation appears to be physical and psychological abuse from his father, lack of caring from his school and his run down neglected neighborhood with its â€Å"truck still on blocks† â€Å"unmown grass†, â€Å"broken windows† and which he derisively refers to as â€Å"each deadbeat no hoper sh-thole lonely downtrodden house in Longlands Rd, Nowheresville†. All the symbols pointing to a decaying, decrepit, depressing environment. The school also receives a blast from Billy ’s poisonous pen. Why 4:30? Most schools would have emptied two hours earlier, however the rest of the stanza rings true as Billy sets the scene on a windy rainy day with the Principal’s run down car blowing smoke, the rubbish strewn oval, Mr Cheetam (Cheater?) notes on Japan to 26 bored students and Billy self-described as â€Å"one lucky bastard† admitting to have ‘stolen’ the lipstick used for his graffiti. He leaves an elliptical epithet: Billy Luckett rhymes with revealing his frustration through a loss of words Another evocative portrait is reminiscences in the poem sport in chapter one. The pain and suffering’ of soulless tyranny endured by him from the old bastard his father. This technique of expletive language is used to depict the poor relationship he shared with his father he gave me one backhander I felt the blood† and his attitude toward the world hes living in. Whilst catching a train, uncertain where the train will take him, bad weather, wind and rain recalls the violent significant memory of his father with the forces of a fathers punch. The metaphoric terms further reveal Billys harsh living environment he is seeking to escape. Herrick induces us to feel empathy rather than antagonism to the protagonist. This is accomplished through the intimate use of language, changing perspectives and personal anecdotes. Ernies train whistle symbolises the beginning of Billys new life contrasted favourably by Ernie’s ‘not bossing you around’. His next positive role model is Irene, Bendarat’s Librarian, who welcomes him and encourages him to borrow books. Billy faces many obstacles or challenges in his new environment, such as lack of accommodation and food, because he has no income. An old train carriage becomes the protagonists new accommodation while he feeds off scraps of leftover food at McDonalds where he catches the attention of Caitlin. Another self imposed exile is, Old Bill, who suffers trauma due to  the loss of his daughter Jessie, after an incident of Jessie falling out of a tree. This led Old Bill to ‘homelessness’ as his home reminds him too much of his daughter, which eventually brings him to the streets turning to alcohol to relieve the pain. After this loss, Old Bills pain and suffering that he endured means he doesnt care much about life. Billy and Old Bill developed a friendship and sense of camaraderie as he treats Old Bill as his father figure. I like the kidI like his company contrasts the lack of love and relationship between Billy and his real father. Old Bill’s emotive language as he explained to Billy and I fell with her, and Ive been falling ever since emphasizes hes still not over it. The bond of friendship is important, it emphasizes the strength in ones relationship, yet it doesnt grieve nor boast but helps one another through rough tough times, which is portrayed as Old Bill becomes less alcoholic, and slowly recovers from the loss of his daughter as he experiences life that we planned. Growth in maturity is shown as both of the two protagonists show signs of growth as they help each other. Billys growth is demonstrated as he becomes a different individual from the beginning of the narrative poem showing positive thinking â€Å"sure theres hope in the worldeven for hobos like us. Whilst Old Bills relationship with Billy and Caitlin, Old Bill’s view of the world slowly starts to change, as the protagonist reduces his consumption of alcohol and ventures to achieve plans that were made with Jessie. While Old Bill demonstrates the symbolism of A Simple Gift when he gave his keys to his old home to Caitlin and Billy. Caitlin also feels as a misfit in her affluent society. She feels discomfort in her uniform, her school, and her luxurious home due to a whispering in her heart that it is all false, superficial, affected and pretentious, so she escapes by slumming it, looking for real values to replace the artificial ones in her world. She is attracted to Billy because of his self assurance and his genuine intelligence. It is the interaction between these three characters and the sharing of gifts, coffee and food, that unites them against a cold, callous and uncaring society. As St Francis of Assisi says â€Å"For it is in giving that we receive†. This narrative novel/poem/drama (?) is very successful and appeals to young people. In a recent poll it was voted the best drama in Australia despite the fact that is generally categorised as a narrative poem. It is fairly realistic and  credible though there are parts that stretch the imagination. Caitlin comes across a bit contrived but her portrayal is plausible. There are many reasons for individuals to venture into the world as the text The Simple Gift shows to achieve self-reliance and independence, even so, many individuals personality in life may change as they experience parts of life first hand. Many would like to experience their own mistakes, which is dealt with in texts like â€Å"Ten Things I Hate about You,† Looking for Alibrandi and the Simple Gift yet to find eventually that their perspective was completely opposite. Like most clichà ©s dont judge a book by its cover. The Simple Gift illustrates that gain acceptance from others by uncritically accepting them.

The Diet Supplement of the Future Essay -- Pyruvate Health Dieting Ess

The Diet Supplement of the Future With all of the current controversies surrounding the diet pill Phen Fen, people are quickly seeking other dietary supplements to control their eating habits and also to help burn the fat. One of the up and coming alternative diet supplements is Pyruvate. Only recently being introduced to the United States in the beginning of March 1997, Pyruvate has been extensively researched at the University of Pittsburgh for the past twenty seven years led by researcher, Dr. Ronald Stanko. The Food and Drug Administration has also conducted voluntary research. Pyruvate is not a drug, but a naturally occurring product and it does not require FDA approval for manufacturing. Pyruvate has given effective and encouraging results to its users over the past quarter of the century and is receiving increasingly more positive publicity as the diet supplement of choice. http://www.j-c-a.com/newvis/rep/facts.html What is Pyruvate? Pyruvate is a naturally occurring substance in the human body. It controls a person's metabolic rate and is produced in the liver. The more pyruvate a person can produce, the more fat they will burn daily. Because it is not an artificial stimulant to the metabolism, it will not increase blood pressure and is safe for both children and adults to use. Side effects are not a concern and none have been reported.http://www.j-c-a.com/newvis/rep/facts.html How does it Work? To explain exactly how pyruvate works, we must see how it works within the body. The substance is the byproduct of glucose (a six carbon molecule) which, after the Krebs Cycle, yields two molecu... ... group with the lowest consumption. After 5 weeks, the rats receiving Pyruvate weighed significantly less than the other controls. Resting oxygen consumption was significantly higher in Pyruvate fed rats. The results suggest that pyruvate consumption reduced the weight gain and food conversion efficiency of obese Zucker rats, in part by increasing resting metabolic rate and fatty acid oxidation. Cortez,M.Y., Torgan, C.E., Brozinick, J.T.,Miller, R.H,Ivy, J/L. "Effects of pyruvate and dihydroxyacetone consumption on the growth and metabolic state of obese Zucker rats. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53:847-853, 1991 Other Useful Websites for Information on Pyruvate : http://209.41.18.72/bibt.html http://www.angelfire.com/mn/TwoMoonsRising/ http://www.cwru.edu:80/med/CIDEM/cidem.htm http://www.members.aol.com/dennisg21/products/pyruvate.htm The Diet Supplement of the Future Essay -- Pyruvate Health Dieting Ess The Diet Supplement of the Future With all of the current controversies surrounding the diet pill Phen Fen, people are quickly seeking other dietary supplements to control their eating habits and also to help burn the fat. One of the up and coming alternative diet supplements is Pyruvate. Only recently being introduced to the United States in the beginning of March 1997, Pyruvate has been extensively researched at the University of Pittsburgh for the past twenty seven years led by researcher, Dr. Ronald Stanko. The Food and Drug Administration has also conducted voluntary research. Pyruvate is not a drug, but a naturally occurring product and it does not require FDA approval for manufacturing. Pyruvate has given effective and encouraging results to its users over the past quarter of the century and is receiving increasingly more positive publicity as the diet supplement of choice. http://www.j-c-a.com/newvis/rep/facts.html What is Pyruvate? Pyruvate is a naturally occurring substance in the human body. It controls a person's metabolic rate and is produced in the liver. The more pyruvate a person can produce, the more fat they will burn daily. Because it is not an artificial stimulant to the metabolism, it will not increase blood pressure and is safe for both children and adults to use. Side effects are not a concern and none have been reported.http://www.j-c-a.com/newvis/rep/facts.html How does it Work? To explain exactly how pyruvate works, we must see how it works within the body. The substance is the byproduct of glucose (a six carbon molecule) which, after the Krebs Cycle, yields two molecu... ... group with the lowest consumption. After 5 weeks, the rats receiving Pyruvate weighed significantly less than the other controls. Resting oxygen consumption was significantly higher in Pyruvate fed rats. The results suggest that pyruvate consumption reduced the weight gain and food conversion efficiency of obese Zucker rats, in part by increasing resting metabolic rate and fatty acid oxidation. Cortez,M.Y., Torgan, C.E., Brozinick, J.T.,Miller, R.H,Ivy, J/L. "Effects of pyruvate and dihydroxyacetone consumption on the growth and metabolic state of obese Zucker rats. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53:847-853, 1991 Other Useful Websites for Information on Pyruvate : http://209.41.18.72/bibt.html http://www.angelfire.com/mn/TwoMoonsRising/ http://www.cwru.edu:80/med/CIDEM/cidem.htm http://www.members.aol.com/dennisg21/products/pyruvate.htm The Diet Supplement of the Future Essay -- Pyruvate Health Dieting Ess The Diet Supplement of the Future With all of the current controversies surrounding the diet pill Phen Fen, people are quickly seeking other dietary supplements to control their eating habits and also to help burn the fat. One of the up and coming alternative diet supplements is Pyruvate. Only recently being introduced to the United States in the beginning of March 1997, Pyruvate has been extensively researched at the University of Pittsburgh for the past twenty seven years led by researcher, Dr. Ronald Stanko. The Food and Drug Administration has also conducted voluntary research. Pyruvate is not a drug, but a naturally occurring product and it does not require FDA approval for manufacturing. Pyruvate has given effective and encouraging results to its users over the past quarter of the century and is receiving increasingly more positive publicity as the diet supplement of choice. http://www.j-c-a.com/newvis/rep/facts.html What is Pyruvate? Pyruvate is a naturally occurring substance in the human body. It controls a person's metabolic rate and is produced in the liver. The more pyruvate a person can produce, the more fat they will burn daily. Because it is not an artificial stimulant to the metabolism, it will not increase blood pressure and is safe for both children and adults to use. Side effects are not a concern and none have been reported.http://www.j-c-a.com/newvis/rep/facts.html How does it Work? To explain exactly how pyruvate works, we must see how it works within the body. The substance is the byproduct of glucose (a six carbon molecule) which, after the Krebs Cycle, yields two molecu... ... group with the lowest consumption. After 5 weeks, the rats receiving Pyruvate weighed significantly less than the other controls. Resting oxygen consumption was significantly higher in Pyruvate fed rats. The results suggest that pyruvate consumption reduced the weight gain and food conversion efficiency of obese Zucker rats, in part by increasing resting metabolic rate and fatty acid oxidation. Cortez,M.Y., Torgan, C.E., Brozinick, J.T.,Miller, R.H,Ivy, J/L. "Effects of pyruvate and dihydroxyacetone consumption on the growth and metabolic state of obese Zucker rats. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53:847-853, 1991 Other Useful Websites for Information on Pyruvate : http://209.41.18.72/bibt.html http://www.angelfire.com/mn/TwoMoonsRising/ http://www.cwru.edu:80/med/CIDEM/cidem.htm http://www.members.aol.com/dennisg21/products/pyruvate.htm

Debate Paper on Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr.

Malcolm X vs. Martin Luther King Jr. If it is possible, as far as it depends on you, live at peace with all men. These words spoken by Christ can be found in Romans 12:8 that refer to living in peace with everyone. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X are both men that fought and petitioned for equality for black people. Did they both have different approaches and views on how to obtain said peace and equality? Absolutely. Martin Luther King Jr. believed in the pacifist way for reaching the level of peace that was desired by the general black community and himself.Malcolm X, on the other hand, was not as passive and didn’t believe in the nonviolent method that Dr. King did. Malcolm X believed that getting peace by any means necessary and fighting back both verbally and physically against all of those that stood in the way of the main goal. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. believed in the philosophy that racial equality would only be embraced and reached through peaceful acts such as marches and sit-ins. He got his inspiration for these peaceful from Gandhi along with his religious background.Throughout all of his speeches I have read including the â€Å"Where Do We Go from Here† and â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech, Dr. King always speaks in with a call to peaceful action by utilizing the pathos appeal by using the future of his children as a prime example in each speech. Malcolm X didn’t quite agree with the nonviolent approach during the civil rights era. He believed that the best way to get the results that both he and Dr. King wanted was by fighting white aggressors and whoever else stood in the way of the getting it. Some people believed that Malcolm X’s approach was better and more effective that Dr.King’s method because it produced more tangible differences that Dr. King’s. In Malcolm X’s speech entitled â€Å"The Ballot or the Bullet†, he fights the fire of aggression from the oppressors of the black community by defending it with fire. For example, on line in the speech states that â€Å"I believe in action on all fronts by whatever means necessary. † In my personal opinion, I agree with the philosophy of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. I am a wholehearted believer of nonviolence. Whenever there is a problem, there will always be a proper nonviolent solution. Works Cited

Athens vs. Sparta Reflection Essay Essay

As all civilizations do, Athens and Sparta have provided many things for the modern world. And as everything else, both have their strengths and weaknesses. Athens focused more on education and the arts while Sparta revolved around military strength and battle. Because Sparta had such a massively influential military, we use tactics and strategies derived from them even today. They invented the Phalanx; a military formation of standing closely packed and moving forward slowly to break enemy lines. Spartans also conceived the idea of militaristic schools. They were also the first to enforce conscription. The Spartans would also train their women to fight for themselves so they would be prepared to defend their homes and lives if there was ever an invasion. They also had many more rights than in the other city-states. They could own property, talk to other men aside from their husbands, and be physically educated. Women were not useless. This ideal planted the seed for our way of society today. Athens, on the other hand, dedicated itself to the arts and architecture. Which we do see traces of in the works of the modern world. The Athenians also practiced the first notion of democracy. Although, only men could vote. Women, children, nor slaves had that privilege. They were not citizens. Girls were educated (cleaning, cooking, and sewing) until the age of 15, when they were married off to an older man. Before Athens, Greece had no large architecture; only what was necessary. They developed the idea of having large, ornate building built from mud, clay, terra-cotta, marble, and eventually stone. Many of which still stand today. The Athenians used a system of terra-cotta tubing underground to distribute water throughout the city. This led to a boost in the economy and the workings of plumbing today. They used trial by jury and produced some of the best philosophers of both their and our time. Despite being rivals, both Athens and Sparta (and the rest of the city-states in ancient Greece) came together for the Olympics. They put aside their differences for that short time and honed their dislike for each other into beating them at the games. The tradition of the Olympics has carried on for about 2700 years from ancient Greece. In conclusion, both were colossally important. They both have their pros and cons. They’re so enormously different but both prospered because of totally different reasons. Sparta: strong, fierce, striving for absolute perfection in their citizens and warfare. And then Athens: philosophical, educated, and artistic. Their economy was largely different. As was their government, gender roles, social structure, education, and many other things. If they had put aside their differences and worked together, they would have been able to achieve far more than they did separately.

Job Search Success Story †This Could Be You!

Job Search Success Story – This Could Be You! In my last blog post, Job Seeker Success Survey Results Are Out!, I reviewed some of the most and least effective thoughts and actions taken by job seekers. As promised in last weeks article, heres a story from a client who turned his thinking around from negative to positive and took actions that quickly led to a highly desired job offer. You can create a similar success! Here is his story, as he relates it: Commitment, Investment, Learning My job search began in May 2012, and kicked into high gear in July 2012 as my MBA degree was imminent. As the search began, my thoughts wandered at my current position, admittedly at the expense of my work production; I knew the end was near and this was NOT the company I wanted to build a career with. I had waited patiently for almost 4 years for my opportunity to jump into something I love. I was not going to find a quick fix and take anybody who would have me. I was willing to wait and find the perfect job with the perfect company. I began to devour any and all reading material regarding job searching. I happened upon How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile and read it on the plane to my wedding in Florida. I enlisted the help of The Essay Expert and things got really serious. Not only did I feel I had responsibility to myself, my family, and my new bride, but now I was even more heavily invested, emotionally and financially, in finding that new beginning. I received a LinkedIn makeover, resume makeover and two cover letters that were easily customized to any job I was applying for. Challenges Arise and Some Disempowering Self-Talk I figured Id be hired in no time with the perfect company. Nobody had a better LinkedIn profile, nobody had a better resume, nobody had written a more perfect cover letter. I do sales for a living, so thought interviews would be a BREEZE for a charismatic guy like myself. I was wrong. Those perfect jobs I found? I received rejection emails without even an interview. I complained, Dont they know how hard Ive worked and all the years Ive put in to making myself the perfect candidate? Empowering Self-Talk After suffering for a few weeks, I wrote to Brenda Bernstein, The Essay Expert, who suggested I hire a career coach. She connected me with Kristin Johnson. At this point I had a choice: continue to invest in myself or do it on my own and get the mediocre results I was already getting. I decided to invest in myself because in this job search process you begin to really doubt yourself. With Kristins help, I began to figure out who I am and what my brand is. I had heard the term branding before and thought it was a junk statement made by airheads in Hollywood. Then I came to a realization: I dont know how to express who I am! I could sell anybody on anything but I couldnt sell myself. I again began to devour literature on interviewing. Working with Kristin I learned how to sell myself to achieve my goals. Empowering Action I put my nose to the grindstone. I gained 20 pounds, refusing to go to the gym in the effort to squeeze out more job searching time [Editors note: I do not necessarily recommend this strategy! Many people succeed because they DO go to the gym!]. I emailed, called and met with anybody I could to get connected with a potential job. I was always looking for an angle to make a connection. I poured more hours into my job search, and what were once great cover letters became one-page works of art that took hours for me to construct. Miraculously, doors began to open. I started getting calls for phone and in-person interviews. By trial and error I began to learn how to navigate these encounters. With every interview I felt myself improving and gaining confidence. I dedicated myself to reading self-help books, mostly from Dale Carnegie, and took this knowledge to interviews. Doors began to open widercompanies were offering me jobs! I went from praying for an interview to turning down positions because they just didnt fulfill all my needs. I was being looked at by one of the most luxurious and iconic hotels in New York City. A leader in the online travel agency was flying me out to their headquarters to meet with a panel of interviewers. A company I had turned down for a lower position offered me a management position. A complete 180 occurred! Winning the Game The search finally concluded in November 2012, after 6 months of relentless searching and networking. I accepted a position at a hospitality organization that is worthy of my talents and skills. A tremendous amount of time and effort was poured into this process and I got by with a little help from my new friends. Do you have a successful job search story to share? Please leave a comment below! Category:Job SearchBy Brenda BernsteinApril 23, 2013

International Comparison Program(2005) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Comparison Program(2005) - Essay Example Therefore one can think of investment in either India or China. I took India as the country to develop new product because cosmetic, especially 100% herbal and vegetarian Lipstick with variety of shades can be a new product that can be developed in an Indian Market. The increasing urbanization and a growth in the number of office workers have resulted in a strong focus on grooming in that country. 65% of the total population of India is below 35 years of age but only around 30% of the women use lipsticks in India, so there is a wide scope to flourish in India. The USP (unique selling proposition) of this product is its attribute of being 100% Herbal and Vegetarian as almost 40% of the total population in India is vegetarian and till now no other company has launched this type of product in the Indian Market. Cosmetics and toiletries have seen tremendous growth in 2007. Growth was partly due to high levels of inflation but volume sales also saw dynamic growth. Rising income levels resulted in lower-income groups being able to afford more cosmetics and toiletries and also saw many trading up from unpackaged to packaged products. Meanwhile, mid- and high-income consumers in urban areas began to seek out value-added mass brands and premium products. India can be taken as the country to sell the product as Indian females are considered an epitome of beauty and they are more and more becoming beauty and fashion conscious. The product that can be marketed is a wide range of cosmetics (100%Vegetarian) especially lipsticks and it can be launched in the Indian market by the name: Zebra For the beautiful Diva in you Indian Culture:- Culture is the manner in which things are performed within a society, community or nation. Culture is not a trait that comes with birth but it is learnt over a span of several years. The major things that can be observed amongst Indian culture are as follows:- The Terpstra and Sarathy Cultural Framework helps marketing managers to assess the cultural nature of an international market. The Eight categories are Language, Religion, Values and Attitudes, Education, Social Organizations, Technology and Material Culture, Law and Politics and Aesthetics. 1. Language: - There are as many as 22 official languages in India. The national language of the country is Hindi and most of the people in the country are quite well versed with English as well owning to the British rule in the country for around 200 years. 2. Religion: India is considered to be a land of unity in diversity. Many religions are practiced in the country including Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Islamism, Sikhism, Christianity etc. The cow is considered sacred in Hinduism. She is the one who should be worshipped for the various graces She bestows on humanity. 40% of the total population is Vegetarian. 3. Values and Attitude:- Generally people in India have a high regard for their elders. Although traditional roles are changing, especially in urban areas, there are important values shared by most Indian families. Normally, Indians hold family progress, unity and support in high regard throughout their lives. Mostly people live in an extended family, in which every member has their own role, often determined by age and gender. There is typically a head of the family who takes the major decision with respect to the family and his decision is respected by everyone in the family. Elders are supposed to use their experience and wisdom to help guide

The Worship Of Goddesses And The Place Of Women In Hinduism Essay

The Worship Of Goddesses And The Place Of Women In Hinduism - Essay Example It is worth to note that unlike other religious faiths like Islam, Christianity among others, Hinduism attach a lot of significances to the female . Their inherent belief in the goddess puts them at a relatively better position when it comes to gender parity in religious activities participation. It would be strange to note that in most religious groups give women less important roles as they are considered lesser beings. This is contrary to the Hinduism that has a long standing history of a strong belief in the goddess. Critical analysis of the Hinduism faith gives an insight into the significance of religion in the overall cultural organization of any society . It is notable that the better part of the lifestyle and way of doing things among the members of this faith is derived from their deep rooted religious doctrines . Within the tenets of their tradition is involvement of women in the worship process and continued belief in existence of supreme God and goddess. Several scholarly works indicates that in the Hindu mythology there are both gods and goddesses. The divine, Ardhanarishvara, is drawn as half man and half woman. The right side is Shiva and the left side is Pavarati. The purpose of the drawing is to show that the divine consist of both a male and a female side and that these two are equally important. This can be seen as a starting point for equality between men and women which at least recognize the place of women in this society as compared to other faiths3. In ancient India, women oc cupied a very important position, in fact a superior position to, men. It is a culture whose only words for strength and power are feminine -"Shakti'' means "power'' and "strength.'' All male power comes from the feminine. Literary evidence suggests that kings and towns were destroyed because a single woman was wronged by the state. For example, Valmiki's Ramayana teaches us that Ravana and his entire clan was wiped out because he abducted Sita4. Veda Vyasa's Mahabharatha teaches us that all the Kauravas were killed because they humiliated Draupadi in public. Elango Adigal's Sillapathigaram teaches us Madurai, the capital of the Pandyas was burnt because Pandyan Nedunchezhiyan mistakenly killed her husband on theft charges. It can therefore be seen that the female occupy a recognizable position in the family and the community at large. In Vedic times women and men were equal as far as education and religion was concerned. Women participated in the public sacrifices alongside men. On e text mentions a female rishi Visvara. Some Vedic hymns, are attributed to women such as Apala, the daughter of Atri, Ghosa, the daughter of Kaksivant or Indrani, the wife of Indra. Apparently in early Vedic times women also received the sacred thread and could study the Vedas 5. The Haritasmrti mentions a class of women called brahmavadinis who remained unmarried and spent their lives in study and ritual. Panini's distinction between arcarya (a lady teacher) and acaryani (a teacher's wife), and upadhyaya (a woman preceptor) and upadhyayani ( a preceptor's wife) indicates that women at that time could not only be students but also teachers of sacred lore. He mentions the names of several noteworthy women scholars of the past such as Kathi, Kalapi, and Bahvici. The Upanishads refer to several women philosophers, who disputed with their male colleagues such as Vacaknavi, who challenged Yajnavalkya 6. The Rig Veda also refers to women engaged in warfare. One queen Bispala is mentioned , and even as late a witness as Megasthenes (fifth century B.C. E.) mentions

Market prices, Valuation Principle, Net present Value, interest rates, Essay - 1

Market prices, Valuation Principle, Net present Value, interest rates, and bonds - Essay Example When a person decides to invest in the stock market the investor has to be willing to accept risk. Risk can be defined as the possibility that the actual return on an investment will be different than the expected return (Thefreedictionary, 2011). There are two types of risks: systematic and unsystematic risk. Systematic risk refers to risk that affects the entire marketplace, while unsystematic risk is risk that is related to a specific industry. Investors have to accept systematic risk because it cannot be manage by the investor. Unsystematic risk can be managed by the investor. For instance if the investor has a stock from an industry that faces major risks the investor can sell off that stock to eliminated the unsystematic risk. The expected return of a portfolio is the weighted average of the expected returns of the individual stocks in the portfolio. One would think based on that logic that the portfolio risk would be equal to the sum of the risk of the individual securities, b ut it is not. Typically the portfolio risk is smaller than the weighted average of the stock’s variances. Sometimes the risks of different stocks in a portfolio moved in opposite direction which canceled each other out forming a riskless portfolio. The measure of the degree of the relationship between the variables is called the correlation coefficient (Besley & Brigham, 2000).

Major American Political Ideology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Major American Political Ideology - Essay Example This paper would explore these two ideologies. Fundamentally, conservatism and liberalism differ in issues of freedom and responsibility. American conservatism is derived from the idea that all human beings share an equal nature, an ability to make decisions based upon a common-sense morality while liberalism, at its core, denies that such a common-sense morality exists and, even is such a morality were to exist, doubts the average person’s ability to understand it. (Janiskee and Masugi p. 30) This difference in ideology is demonstrated in the following analogy: Conservatives in America maintains the position that conserves the tradition of the American founding and the purposes and objectives of the Founding Fathers for the establishment of the country. American liberal takes the opposite direction by asserting that such traditions are restrictive and, therefore, the nation need to be liberated from them. Presently, the two parties that fight each other every four years in the American presidential elections are the Republicans and Democrats. The former is seen to be identified with conservatism while the form with liberalism. The two parties derive their ideologies to two fundamentally different views of human nature that is why each ideology calls for different kinds of government response to different issues. For instance, conservatives are more inclined to be against gun control but favor the death penalty while liberals want the reverse: gun control and no death penalty. An interesting aspect in the dynamics of American conservatism and liberalism is that they could assume an entirely different attitude towards certain issue compared to conservatives and liberals in Europe. A demonstration of this is how the conservatives and liberals in America want to address the question on how far should the free market be left alone: how far

Anopheles Stephensi Tissue-restricted Expression

Anopheles Stephensi Tissue-restricted Expression Tissue-restricted expression and alternative splicing revealed by transcriptome profiling of Anopheles stephensi Sreelakshmi K. Sreenivasamurthy1,2, Anil Madugundu1,3, Arun Kumar Patil1,4,5, Gourav Dey1,2, Ajeet Kumar Mohanty6, Manish Kumar1,2, Krishna Patel1, Charles Wang7, Ashwani Kumar6, Akhilesh Pandey1,8,9,10,11, T. S. Keshava Prasad1,2,4,* Abstract The sequencing of Anopheles stephensi, a major malaria vector in Asia has led to increased research activity to understand the vectorial ability of this mosquito species. However, tissue-based gene expression profiles of the annotated genes remain to be understood. In this study, we summarize the transcriptomic profile of four important organs of a female imago Midgut, Malpighian tubules, Fat body and Ovary. We identified over 21,000 transcripts in total, from all the four tissues corresponding to about 12,000 gene loci. This study provides an account of the tissue-based expression profiles of majority of annotated transcripts in An. stephensi genome and alternative splicing in these tissues. Understanding of the transcript expression and gene function at the tissue level would immensely help in enhancing our knowledge of this important vector and decipher the putative role of these mosquito tissues, providing the basis of selection of candidates for future studies on vectorial abil ity. Keywords: Mosquito, RNA-seq, differential expression, lncRNAs Introduction Malaria remains as one of the most debilitating mosquito-borne diseases till date. According to WHO World Malaria Report in 2016, there were ~212 million malaria cases in the year 2015, resulting in an estimated death of about 429,000 individuals globally. Most of these cases (90%) is in the African region with about 7% incidence in South East Asia. About 50% of the Asian malaria incidence and deaths has been in India1. The number of deaths attributed to malaria in India has been reported to be higher than the WHO estimates2. However, the latest updates on the cases and deaths reported in India has been limited to the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP), according to which there has been about a million cases of malaria reported in the year 2014 [http://www.nvbdcp.gov.in/malaria3.html]. Out of the 41 different Anopheline species reported as significant vectors for transmission of human malaria, An. stephensi is an important vector in India and South Asia3,4. Bein g the major urban vector, it is second most prevalent in India. It has been reported all over the country except the north-eastern states of Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Nagaland, Manipur and Tripura5. Sequencing of the Anopheles mosquito genomes have resulted in a spurt of activity in the study of Anopheles mosquitoes. PubMed search with the keyword Anopheles resulted in 14,576 publications, majority of which have been after the year 2000 as shown in the Figure 1A. Majority of the studies post-genome sequencing has been focussed towards understanding the role of various genes and development of numerous methods to regulate their expression.   The overall aim of the community is to embark on a feasible means to control the spread of infectious organisms either by controlling the vector/mosquito population or by curbing or reducing their vectorial ability. In this regards, numerous studies have already been performed on the recently sequenced malarial vectors6-9. However, most of the studies are focussed on previously studied molecules with very few studies focussing on new target molecules. This could probably be due to the lack of reliable data owing to incomplete genome as semblies and annotations in the identification of such targets. We have tried to bridge this gap with a huge effort of supplementing the current efforts using an integrated approach of utilizing proteomic and transcriptomic data in the genome annotation and assembly in an array of organisms through our previous studies10-12. Although transcriptomic data played a major role in refining the annotations and assembly of the genomes in the previous study, the tissue-based expression profiles were not focussed on. The tissue-based expression profiles of the identified transcripts are the focus of this study. Tissue-based expression profiling in An. stephensi has been limited to salivary glands13, ovaries14,15, testes16 and hemocytes17 with most the studies being done on whole mosquitoes14,18,19. However, even with the availability of transcriptome data from ovaries, there are several issues. The study was mainly focused on identification of transcripts expressed in developmental stages and is of low throughput14. The other tissue-based expression studies published including one cDNA-based study of the salivary glands and another being cDNA sequencing of the transcripts from hemocytes, both tissues that were not included in our study. The focus of our study is on the Midgut, ovary, Malpighian tubule and fat body of a female An. stephensi imago. These tissues, along with the salivary glands play a very important role in the blood meal digestion and thus important for the life cycle of the mosquito vector and plasmodium species. However, we restrict ourselves to understand the molecular dif ference between these mosquito tissues in the uninfected sugar-fed state of the mosquito which we believe will provide the much-needed basic understanding of the role played by these tissues. To this extent, we performed comparative and deep transcriptomic analysis of these four tissues. Materials and Methods RNA isolation and sequencing Adult female An. stephensi mosquitoes grown at the NIMR field station, Goa, were dissected to obtain midgut, Malpighian tubules, ovaries and fat body. These dissected tissues were stored in RNAlater to preserve the RNA quality till RNA extraction. The RNA isolation and sequencing was performed as described earlier10,11. Briefly, the RNA isolated using Qiagen miRNeasy kit was used for the preparation of indexed RNA-seq libraries using TruSeq RNA Sample Preparation Kit v3. The indexed and pooled libraries were sequenced on two lanes (as technical replicates) of Illumina HiScan SQ platform. Read alignment and transcript assembly The raw reads were processed for quality filtration to remove ambiguous bases present due to the sequencing errors at the 3 end of the reads. Base quality filter of >20 was considered as good. FastQC (Version 0.10.1) tool was used to determine the quality of the raw data and poor quality calls with Phred score An. stephensi genome build (ASTEI2) downloaded from VectorBase (https://www.vectorbase.org/) using HISAT (Version 2.1.0)20 aligner with the default parameters. HiSAT2 was supplied with known annotations and Gene Transfer File (GTF), AsteI2.2 from VectorBase. The alignment of reads from each lane for each tissue was carried out individually against the reference genome resulting in eight different Binary Alignment Map (BAM) files. The .bam files for each tissue were then merged to obtain merged .bam files, one for each tissue. The aligned reads were assembled against the AsteI2.2 gene annotations, as reference, using the StringTie (version 1.2.1) assembler21. Assembled transcrip ts were further quantified and annotated into known and novel categories using the gffcompare in StringTie package as described earlier22. To determine novel transcripts as a transcript GTF file and all the StringTie assemblies were merged using StringTie-merge option. Novel isoforms and intergenic transcripts were obtained by comparing the merged StringTie assemblies of all the four tissues to the annotated transcripts from VectorBase using gffcompare. Coding potential of the identified transcripts was predicted by the use of the Coding Potential Assessment Tool (CPAT)23. Transcripts which were >200 bp in length with a CPAT score threshold of Identification of differentially expressed genes across four tissues Merged GTF file from StringTie was annotated in to different classes of transcripts using gffcompare with respect to the VectorBase annotations. Expression levels of transcripts as determined by the StringTie assembler were compared across tissues. The expression information from individual lanes were used as technical replicates for each tissue. Differential expression was computed using Cuffdiff after normalizing the data across samples by calculating Fragments per Kilobase of exon per Million Fragments Mapped (FPKM)24. The R-package version 2.16.0 of cummeRbund was used for visualization, analysis of RNA-seq data and cluster generation25. An overview of the analysis pipeline is provided in Figure 1B. To identify tissue specific transcripts, we initially filtered transcripts with FPKM value à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1.0 in at least one among the four tissue types. We then applied the right-tailed t-test to identify the transcripts which are relatively high in abundance in one tissue as again st other tissues. Results and Discussion Transcriptome sequencing of four An. stephensi tissues Midgut, Malpighian tubules, Fat body and Ovary was performed to create a tissue-based expression profile. In total, about 500 million paired-end reads of 100bp were generated from all the four tissues, with about 55 million read pairs per tissue sample from two lanes. The expression levels of transcripts between the replicates and among the tissues were comparable. Figure 2A represents the inter-tissue and intra tissue transcript expression variations in the form of a distance-based heatmap. The variations are minimal between the replicates as expected and increases between the tissues with Ovary and Malpighian tubules being the most different. By following the standard alignment and assembly pipeline using the HiSAT2 and StringTie assembler, we identified a total of about 25,000 transcripts. However, after the initial filtering for the FPKM values (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 0.1) only 21,500 transcripts were retained. The expression of th ese transcripts was comparable across tissues with the median FPKM value ranging about 2 to 3 in all the tissues as represented by the box plot in Figure 2B. Figure 2C and 2D provides the general distribution of the length and the FPKM values of the transcript assemblies across the four tissues. About 60% of the transcript assemblies were found to have FPKM value of 1 and above, while the average length of majority of the transcripts tend to be in the range of 1000 to 3000 bp. This shows an expected trend of a reliable depth and absence of any skewing. The Transcript assemblies were classified into different classes using gffcompare. However, in order to avoid over interpretation of the data we have only focused our findings on the known =, alternate j and intergenic unknown u class of the transcript assemblies for our analysis. In our analysis, we noticed that almost equivalent number of transcript assemblies were classified under the known (=) and the alternate (j) categories. In fact, the transcript assemblies in the j category exceeded the number of known transcript assemblies. A deeper look in to this matter showed us that due to the poorly annotated gene models (which is mostly based on the prediction program) for this strain, the untranslated regions (UTRs) of the predicted transcript models in the current annotation is missed. As a result, the transcript assemblies with the extension of the exonic regions supported by the reads, probably into the UTRs were classified as alternate transcripts. We are working closely with the VectorBase to improve the annotations of these predicted gene and transcript models for the An. stephensi Indian strain. Tissue restricted transcripts Majority of the transcripts identified (about 87%) were expressed largely at similar levels in all the four tissues, the remaining 15% of the transcripts identified seemed to have more of a tissue restricted expression. Figure 3 details the distribution of the transcript expression (expressed with FPKM values à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 0.1) among the previously annotated transcripts (Figure 3A), alternative isoforms (Figure 3B) and novel previously unannotated intergenic transcripts (Figure 3C). The majority of the transcripts in each of these groups are expressed in all the four tissues with only about 3 4% of the transcripts showing tissue restricted expression. Among the known/annotated transcripts identified, 241 were found to be exclusive to Midgut, 221 exclusive to Malpighian tubules, 479 transcripts in Ovary and 436 in Fat body. The distribution of tissue specific transcripts was similar in the alternative isoforms and novel intergenic transcripts of these four tissues with 61, 67, 146 and 77 isoforms exclusively identified in Midgut, Malpighian tubules, Ovary and Fat body. In general, there was a clear bias in the number of transcripts and transcript isoforms that were common between midgut and Malpighian tubules and similarly between fat body and ovary than amongst the others. The diversity of the transcripts identified was found to be maximal in Ovary with most the transcripts being identified in this tissue, followed by fat body. Midgut had the minimal number of transcripts identified, however, the expression levels of these transcripts, in terms of FPKM, were higher than that of other tissues. Novel splice variants and their expression Apart from the known/annotated transcripts, we identified a plethora of spliced (exon-exon) reads that were not previously annotated. Assembly of such reads along with the intra exonic reads led to the identification of >8500 transcripts that were spliced differently. These alternatively spliced isoforms represent the complexity of the transcript forms and their expression in the four tissues. A summary of the differential expression of these alternate isoforms is provided in Figure 3B. As in the case of annotated transcripts, most of the alternatively spliced forms were also expressed in all the four tissues. Only about 1-2% of the total alternate transcripts isoforms were found to have tissue restricted expression. Transcript isoforms were enriched maximally in Ovaries compared to any other tissue. With 146 isoforms restricted to ovaries, it showed the highest variation in the spliced forms among the four tissues although the FPKM values for these were comparatively lower than that of other tissues. Fat body had the least representation of the alternate isoforms. The splice variants identified included examples of intron retention, alternative 3 or 5 donor and acceptor sites, exon skipping and others. Different spliced forms were expressed in different tissues. An example of transcript expressed in different tissues is provided in Figure 4. The annotated gene ASTEI04270 belongs to the Gelsolin/Vilin/fragmin superfamily, coding for a single transcript isoform according to the VectorBase annotation. However, we identified six different isoforms for the gene. The original protein coded by the annotated transcript with a signal peptide and nine gelsolin-like domains that was highly expressed in Fat body followed by Malpighian tubules. The alternative isoforms included a shorter transcript encoded by the first 3 exons (ANSTF.3986.4), which retained only three of the nine gelsolin-like domains along with the signal peptide sequence that was highly expressed in fat body and least expression in ovaries. The other 4 isoforms encoding the exons from fo urth exon consists of 4 gelsolin-like domains. Isoforms ANSTF.3986.1 and ANSTF.3986.2 were highly expressed in midgut followed by Malpighian tubules but not identified in fat body and ovaries. Whereas, isoforms ANSTF.3986.5 and ANSTF.3986.6 were significantly expressed only in midgut. Proteins encoded by this superfamily typically consists of three to six gelsolin-like domains (GEL), with each domain playing a critical role in actin filament remodeling26,27. Novel intergenic transcripts In addition to annotated and alternate spliced forms of the transcripts in the known/annotated gene loci, we found additional loci in the genome of An. stephensi Indian strain. The reads mapping to these unannotated regions were processed to assemble putative transcripts that were categorized as novel/unannotated transcripts. We identified about 2700 transcripts with FPKM values above 0.1 in the intergenic regions of the genome that were previously considered to be non-transcribed. The expression of most of these intergenic transcripts were found to be similar in all the four tissues. However, Expression-based clustering and functional correlation Since An. stephensi genome was recently sequenced and is relatively less worked upon, there is limited information on the function of these genes and transcripts. However, Gene Ontology analysis based on their translated protein and the domain structures (Interpro domains) showed that most of the differentially expressed transcripts were found to have expected domains as per the perceived function of these respective tissues. The identified transcripts were segregated into clusters based on their expression levels in the four mosquito tissues. Among the various clusters generated using the cummerbund package, few of the clusters showed clear trends of expression. One of the clusters with about 950 transcripts showed similar expression in all the four tissues. Gene level ontology mapping of these transcripts showed that majority of the transcripts possessed generic domains such as protein, nucleotide and ion binding domains, transmembrane transport, proteolysis, oxidoreductase activity and signal transduction (Figure 5A). Transcripts found to be enriched in the Midgut (170) compared to other tissues were found to have proteolytic, protein binding, hydrolase and peptidase activity. Some of the midgut enriched transcripts were found to be involved in chitin and carbohydrate metabolism (Figure 5B). Transcripts enriched in Malpighian tubules (116) were found to be associated largely with transmembrane transpor tation, oxidation-reduction process, protein and ion binding events. Few of the transcripts were associated with transferase, ligase and lyase activities among other catalytic activities (Figure 5C). Ovary enriched transcripts (241) were associated more with the protein binding, nucleic acid and ATP binding, in addition to those having signaling domains and transport domains associated with intracellular signal transduction processes such as GPCR activity, protein phosphorylation and dimerization. As expected, these transcripts seem to be involved highly in cell cycle processes including DNA replication, microtubule organization, DNA repair and growth factor activities, which are crucial mechanisms for vitellogenesis (Figure 5D). Fat body enriched transcripts (170) were consistent with the role of fat body akin to the vertebrate liver. The transcripts enriched in fat body are associated majorly with transmembrane transportation, oxidation-reduction process, chitin binding and metabo lism, heme-binding and transport, in addition to oxidoreductase activities (Figure 5E). Identification and expression of long non-coding RNAs We compared the list of transcripts identified in our study to the list of transcripts that are annotated as non-coding RNAs in VectorBase. However, we failed to identify any of the annotated non-coding RNAs in our study since the annotated ones are largely rRNAs and other small ncRNAs. Due to the ribosomal RNA depletion employed in our study, we expected no rRNAs to be identified. However, in order to investigate the presence and expression of the long non-coding RNAs in An. stephensi, we assessed the coding potential of all the identified transcripts using the CPAT tool. From this, we identified 4,071 transcripts that satisfied the criteria for the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) (Supplementary Table 2). That is, they were longer than 200 bases in length and were predicted to have a coding potential of Tissues considered in this study play an important role in the life cycle of the female mosquito. They are critical in blood meal digestion, metabolism, vitellogenesis, excretion, immunogenesis, Plasmodium sporogony and reproduction, which are associated with vector physiology, progression and malaria transmission. Mosquito midgut is involved in the initial storage and digestion of the ingested blood. The gut epithelium also provides site for development of oocysts and sporozoites (Sporogony). Blood meal induces pathways such as TOR, which ultimately leads to synthesis of proteins required for egg development. Fat body and ovary are known to be involved in the utilization of the nutrients from blood to enable vitellogenesis. Malpighian tubules are known to play an important role in the mosquito xenobiotics. Fat body cells (trophoblasts) and recently, Malpighian tubules have also been shown to be involved in the immune responses28-31 and is now being considered as targets for mosquito control28,31. Towards this end, we further evaluated the expression of genes previously reported to be involved in the vector-pathogen interactions32 across the four tissues (Table 2). The affordability and accessibility of sequencing-based techniques have resulted in numerous transcriptome-based studies even in An. stephensi14,15,17,19. However, due to the low depth of the other existing studies, no significant comparison could be performed between the transcript expression from our study to that of the other studies. We deciphered the genes reported to be involved in immunity14 and evaluated the expression information for the annotated transcripts and the novel alternate isoforms across the tissues (Supplementary Table 4). Although, there has been a recent study of the cDNAs from hemocytes, we could not compare the genes expressed in their study since hemocytes were not part of our study. Another reason for non-comparison was normalization issues caused by 36bp single end reads in their study, with only 49% of it mapping to the VectorBase assembly. We provide the deepest tissue-based transcriptome profiling for these four organs of An. stephensi (Indian strain), so far. Studies such as ours depicting the transcript variations amongst tissues in its physiological states provide important baseline information. In light of such information, analysis of gene expression data in the context of changes due to blood meal, infection of insecticide resistance might lead to new perspectives and insights. This, in turn, will facilitate the choice of novel targets for vector control and transmission blocking studies and other experiments as evidenced in An. gambiae33. Data Availability The RNA-sequencing data has been submitted to the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) from NCBI and can be accessed using the project accession number SRP043489. Supplementary data Supplementary data are available at www.dnaresearch.oxfordjournal.org. Funding This paper is funded by the joint research project to NIMR and IOB entitled Characterization of Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi Proteome and Transcriptome (EMR/2014/000444) from the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Government of India. SKS and GD has been supported by the Senior Research Fellowship by University Grants Commission (UGC) and MK was supported by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Government of India during the study. Table 1. Transcript distribution number of transcripts in total, class code-based classification of transcripts in all four tissues and in individual tissues      Ã‚   All 4 tissues Midgut Malpighian tubule Ovary Fat body Total number of transcripts identified 21,500 17,461 18,812 18,616 18,685 Corresponding gene location identified 12,256 10,357 11,107 10,973 11,371 Total number of known/annotated transcripts = 9,722 7,508 7,883 8,001 8,015 Number of alternate isoforms/transcripts j 8,820 7,603 8,232 7,992 8,037 Number of novel transcripts (intergenic) u 2,694 2,136 2,458 2,396 2,398 Figure Legends: Figure 1. A. Graphical representation of the remarkable increase in the number of studies on Anopheles mosquitoes post genomic era. B. Workflow representation of the study pipeline followed. Figure 2. Overall representation of transcript expression. A. HeatMap representation of the Jensen-Shannon (JS) divergence between the different tissues and their technical replicates. B. Bar-chart representation of the tissue-based transcripts and their median expression in the log10(FPKM), showing normalized distribution. C. FPKM distribution curve of the transcripts identified in the four tissues. D. Distribution of transcript length across the four tissues. Figure 3. Venn diagram representation depicting the overlap and the tissue specific expression of the transcripts across the four tissues A. For VectorBase annotated transcripts. B. Distribution of alternate isoforms of transcripts. C. Distribution of novel intergenic transcripts. Figure 4. An example representing the novel spliced forms of the VectorBase annotated gene ASTEI04270. Isoforms identified due various splicing events and their expression across the four tissues. Figure 5. Expression-based transcript clusters and the functional enrichment of the classes of transcripts based on domain and Gene Ontology-based functional annotation. A. Transcripts having similar expression in all four tissues B. Midgut-enriched transcripts C. Transcripts overexpressed in Malpighian tubules D. Transcripts highly expressed in Ovary E. Fat body-enriched transcripts.